Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical design. Accurately mapping these voids is essential for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, off
Geotechnical exploration techniques are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. These include test pits, geophysical techniques such as
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement